TERJEMAHAN KERANGKA TEORI
Khairunnisa' bt. Abdul Halim
191172
TEORI DAN PENDEKATAN WACANA
BROWN & YULE DISCOURSE ANALYSIS THEORY (1983)
Brown & Yule (1983) listed four elements of discourse. It comprises element of presupposition, implicature, reference and inference. Brown & Yule (1983) also posited that discourse can be analysed through study of text, writing, speech and interactions.
PRESUPPOSITION
Presupposition is pragmatic. It is a selection of assumptions the audience might get without any obstacle.
IMPLICATURE
Implicature refers to view or possibilities. What speaker implies is distinctive to what he literally states. Implicature is a form of conventional implicature. Speaker/writer does not mentioned what influence certain image.
REFERENCE
Speaker discussed with a proper utterances in a form of discussion. Reference refers to things done by an individual using utterance.
INFERENCE
Inference is a notion of making conclusion. Besides, it explains utterance or its relation between utterance. Supplementary informations or assumptions can be made from inferences.
STUBBS DISCOURSE ANALYSIS THEORY (1983)
According to Stubbs (1983), discourse analysis refers to the study of language of a sentence or a clause. In other words, discourse analysis is used to study larger linguistics units, as in conversation or written text. Thus, discourse analysis put much concern with the language use in social context. Interactions or dialogue between writer/reader also fall under this theory’s concern as it is much related to discourse. Furthermore, discourse analysis focuses on the implied meaning behind a sentence. Stubbs (1983) added, discourse analysis has so much to do with language and community and lastly, interactive elements or daily dialogue characteristics.
Stubbs Theory (1983) focuses on linguistics discourse.
1. Linguistics Discourse Approach
2. Prediction
3. Phonotactics
4. Grammar
5. Discourse sequence intuition
6. Prediction
7. Prediction and idealization
8. Meaning control structure
9. Canonical Discourse and idealization
10. Analogy
11. Conclusion
CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS THEORY (VANDIJK, 1977)
VanDijk (1977) has divided Discourse analysis to several elements; macro and micro, power control, public discourse control and thinking control (Diagram 1). Every element consists of explanation that need to be analysed. Macro structure is examined by its global meaning from a visible text or a topic from theme of a text. While superstructure discusses about framework of a text in introduction, content, closing and conclusion. Whereas micro structure is concerning to local meaning of a text that can be examined by its lexical, sentence and format used by the text.
Macro Structure
Global meaning of a text that can be examined from topic/theme of a text
Superstructure
Framework of a text as in introductory, content, discussion and conclusion
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Micro structure
Local meaning of a text that can be examined by its choice of words, sentence and format that the text applied
Diagram 1 : Critical Discourse Analysis by vanDijk (1977)
Fairclough (1995) views the Critical Discourse Analysis (Diagram 2) as a crucial framework to analyse data. Critical Discourse Analysis by Fairclough (1995) comprises of three elements which are textual analysis, practical discourse analysis and social practice analysis. Textual analysis is to do with the aspect of grammar that is focusing on theme, lexical that is concerning to metaphor and cohesive of repetition and conjunction. While ractice discourse analysis is analysed through intertextuality such as presupposition, metadiscourse and negation while interdiscussion is analysed through economical, educational and political aspect.
Critical Discourse Analysis Theory (Fairclough, 1995)
Textual analysis Practice Discourse Analysis Social Practice Analysis
Grammar Intertextuality Economy
-Theme - Presupposition Education
Lexical -Metadiscourse Politics
Cohesive Interdiscussion
-Repetition -Narrative
-Conjunction -Debate
-Expository
-Expressive
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Diagram 2 : Critical Discourse Analysis by Fairclough (1995)
Levinson (1983) rewrote the principle of speech based on Grice’s (1969)
1. Cooperative principle
Giving cooperation as needed.
2. Quality Maxim
It is when ones tries to be truthful, particularly: (i) does not give false information to something that is expected to be true, (ii) does not show the state of having inadequate evidences.
3. Quantity Maxim
i. Give information as much as he has as a contribution to what is needed
ii. Does not exceed more than what is needed
4. Relevance Maxim
Give related information.
5. Politeness Maxim
Give clear and concise explanation:-
a. Avoid uncertainty
b. Avoid information that is vague
c. Concise
d. In order
Tannen (1987) built a theory on conversation style by adapting Lakoff’s theory (1975). According toTannen, Lakoff principles towards politeness are divided into four principles stated below:-
1. Friendly
2. Distance
3. Respect
4. Closeness
Tannen’s prinicples (1987) towards politeness in discourse are as below:-
1. Formal expression (positive and negative image)
2. Politeness strategy
3. Choice Strategy (directness and indirectness)
4. Silence (metamessage)
POLITENESS STRATEGY
Bald on-record Positive Politeness
Example: Example : You look sad. What can I Get ready! help you?
May I borrow RM 100.00 from you?
I walk you to hospital if you do not mind
Listen…
Give me the big basket.
That lamp is green
Please come in
Enjoy your meal
Negative Politeness Off-record
Maybe she is the one who took that box, maybe! Woah, this room is getting cold
Please give me that white plate This shoes is a bit pricey
If so, no instruction needed? Your dress is beautiful
No littering
___________________________________________________________________________ Diagram 3: Politeness strategy by Brown & Levinson (1987)
Discourse Analysis Approach
(Normaliza Abd Rahi, 2018b)
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PRESUPPOSITION EMOTION MORAL AND CULTURE LANGUAGE INFERENCE
1. Intuition 1. Positive 1. Individual 1. First/ 1.Conclusion
second
2. Context 2. Negative 2. Community /third
language 2.Topic conclusion
-Acceptance/ 3. Mix 3. Culture 2.Formal 3. Closing
Negation emotion /non formal
-Requirement -Character -Honest, sincere 3. Language
Kind, love, gratitude,
Modesty
.-References -Personality -Independent, courtesy 4. linguistics
Braveness, mentally and
Physically well, politeness
-Anaphora -Mood
-Repetition -Motivation
-Vagueness
-Strictness -Respectfulness, unity,
Active participation in
Community
-Justice, Freedom, rational
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Discourse Analysis Theory (Normaliza Abd Rahim, 2018d)
Content Context Assumption
1. Theme 1. Grammar 1. Suggestion
2.Background 2. Reference
3. Emotion 3. Question
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